Children with an incarcerated parent often experience intense emotions, including shame and confusion. Many are too young to have developed the resilience and coping skills needed to manage such a significant life event. As a result, they may lose confidence in their ability to navigate daily challenges and frequently report feeling overwhelmed.

These children are also more likely to exhibit behavioral issues at school, where the social and academic pressures can become especially difficult. Many struggle to keep up with their schoolwork and may fall behind academically.

At home, the absence of a parent or caregiver can lead to additional emotional stress and instability. Often, these children live in single-parent households where financial hardship becomes more common, further compounding the challenges they face.

Webinar on strategies to mitigate uncertainty for children with an incarcerated caregiver.

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Points to Consider When Working with Families Affected by Incarceration

When working with children who have an incarcerated parent, it's important to consider the emotional and psychological impact of that experience.

For example, if a child witnessed their parent being arrested, how might that shape their perception of law enforcement? Who explained to the child what the parent did—or is accused of doing? The way these early experiences are processed can shape long-term beliefs and behaviors.

Parents who have been incarcerated for extended periods may experience Post-Incarceration Syndrome (PICS), which can make reintegration into family and community life more difficult. These parents may encounter behavioral challenges from their children as they adjust to being back at home.

As professionals, it's critical to remain nonjudgmental. Many parents return home focused on rehabilitation and rebuilding their lives. They often express a deep desire to reconnect with their children and make up for lost time.

From a mental health perspective, in-home support services (ISOs) can be especially beneficial during two key transition periods:

When a parent is arrested, and the household is adjusting to a single-parent dynamic and associated stressors.
When a parent or stepparent is returning home from jail or prison—supporting the entire family system as it adapts to the change and works toward shared goals.

What’s Necessary for Success:

A strong support network can help transform feelings of anger, shame, grief, and low self-esteem into resilience.
In-school support, community counseling, mentorship programs, and extracurricular activities play a key role in stabilizing and encouraging children.
Involvement in activities such as sports, clubs, part-time jobs, and mentorship opportunities can provide belonging and boost confidence.
Organizations like Boys & Girls Club, YMCA, and MPAL are excellent community resources for both youth and their families.

It's also essential to take the time to talk with the child—at a developmentally appropriate level—about what has happened. Encourage expression through talking, drawing, photography, or other creative outlets. These forms of self-expression can help children process complex emotions in healthy ways.

Reference:

Geller, A., Garfinkel, I., Cooper, C. E., & Mincy, R. B. (2009). Parental incarceration and child wellbeing: Implications for urban families. Social Science Quarterly, 90(5), 1186–1202.